distance

To speak of 'coding distance' does not imply use of a formal system of measurement (however) mental measurement 'by eye' can sometimes be quite exact (p 18). ...coding distance with respect to distal external referents is a very flexible and powerful system, one that is the final arbiter of location for mature organisms in cases where coding systems conflict (p 74). Place learning involves specifying the distance and/or direction of a to-be-located object with respect to landmarks (p 17).

Relationships between places defined by their proximities (e.g., relative location, Euclidean and non-Euclidean metrics, distances in rasters, buffers, multidimensional scaling, weight matrices, and social distances. 'Distance between points is easily calculated using formulas for straight-line distance on the plane or on the curved surface of the Earth, and with a little more effort it is possible to determine the actual distance that would be travelled through the road or street network, and even to predict the time that it would take to make

The ability to reason from knowledge of relative position. Distances define relationships between places by measures of proximity.Examples include relative distances (e.g., relative location based on Euclidean and non-Euclidean metrics), distances in rasters, buffers, multidimensional scaling, weight matrices, and social distances.

The effectiveness of the teacher's voice falls with distance. Distance, or separation, is fundamental geographical property also. intensity of communication falling off continuously with distance is a property shared by many, but not all, phenomena. An example of the opposite effect of distance is a transportation cost which normally rises with distance. Other phenomena are invariant with distance— at least within some range. Legal jurisdiction is as binding at the borders of a state as in its center.

As soon as occurrences are given the property of location or as soon as a bounding frame of reference is defined, the concept of distance emerges. Distance is regarded as the interval between the locations of occurrences. When location is well specified, distance becomes a precise concept (e.g., by determining the interval between coordinates). As location becomes less clearly specified, distance becomes less exact and more fuzzy (e.g., X is West of Chicago while Y is North of Dallas).