object

The mental spatial models are mental representations that preserve information about objects and the spatial relations among them and are updated as new information comes in (p 6). Through our bodies, we perceive and act on the world around us and learn about the consequences of our actions. One way that we view and think about bodies is as objects. Common objects can be referred to at several levels of abstraction (p 5). Bodies are a privileged object for humans. Unlike other objects, they are experienced from inside as well as outside (p 4).

The handling of objects leads in practice to the analysis of figures, or of shapes. There is…a simultaneous construction both of euclidean figures (as a result of the object being ascribed a constant size), which remains the same during changes of position) and projective figures (as a result of coordinating different views of the object, i.e. perspective) p 10). [objects result from] perceptual constancy of shape and size (p 10)

The things that occupy the geographic world, described and measured in various ways as points, lines, areas, or volumes. 'In practice, points, lines, and areas are most often represented in the following standard forms:· Points as pairs of coordinates, in latitude/longitude or some other standard system· Lines as ordered sequences of points connected by straight lines· Areas as ordered rings of points, also connected by straight lines to form polygons. In some cases areas may contain holes, and may include separate islands, such as in rep